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The relationship between bloodstream direct levels and you will hypertension and its own cardio chance ramifications

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On April 10, 2022

The relationship between bloodstream direct levels and you will hypertension and its own cardio chance ramifications

Rosenlund Meters, Berglind N, Hallqvist J, Bellander T, Bluhm G. 2005. Everyday consumption off magnesium and you can calcium supplements of h2o in the family relations to myocardial infarction. Epidemiology sixteen(4):570-576.

Rubenowitz Age, Axelsson Grams, Rylander R. 1996. Magnesium in water and you will dying from serious myocardial infarction. In the morning J Epidemiol 143(5):456-462.

Rubenowitz Age, Axelsson Grams, Rylander Roentgen. 1999. Magnesium and you will calcium supplements in the liquid and you can passing away from acute myocardial infarction in females. Epidemiology ten(1):31-thirty-six.

Rubenowitz Elizabeth, Molin I, Axelsson Grams, Rylander R. 2000. Magnesium inside liquids regarding morbidity and mortality out-of acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 11(4):416-421.

Sauvant MP, Pepin D. 2000. Geographic version of one’s mortality from heart disease and you can h2o during the a good French quick area (Puy de- Dome). Environ Res 84(3):219-227.

Sinclair Ml, Schlosser O. 2007. Drinking water softening: epidemiological facts on calcium supplements and magnesium in water and you will cardio state. Water21 – Mag of one’s Global Liquids Relationship Feb:8-19.

Theophanides T, Angiboust JF, Polissiou M, Anastassopoulou J, Manfait Meters. 1990. You can role away from liquids build during the biological magnesium possibilities. Magnes Res step 3(1):5-13.

van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van’t Veer P, Volovics Good, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. 1990. A giant-scale possible cohort study on diet and cancer about Netherlands. J Clin Epidemiol 43(3):285-295.

VEWIN (Vereniging van Exploitanten van Waterbedrijven inside Nederland). 1986. Statistiek wateronderzoek 1986 [inside Dutch]. Rijswijk:Vereniging van Exploitanten van Waterbedrijven from inside the Nederland.

Relationship away from solution and you may weightloss magnesium so you’re able to experience blood circulation pressure: the brand new Atherosclerosis Risk within the Communities (ARIC) Study

Exactly who. 1979. Fitness Results of removing Substances Happening Of course during the Taking drinking water, with Special Regard to Demineralized and Desalinated Liquids. EURO Profile and you can Studies sixteen. Copenhagen: Globe Health Team Local Office to possess Europe.

Just who. 2006. https://www.datingranking.net/orthodox-dating/ Who Appointment out-of Masters towards You are able to Protective Aftereffect of Hard Water Against Cardiovascular disease, Washington, D.C. United states of america, 27-, Geneva: Globe Wellness Providers. Available: [accessed ].

Who. 2008. Whom Meeting out-of Pros to the You are able to Defensive Aftereffect of Hard H2o Up against Heart problems, 21-. Geneva:Industry Wellness Team.

Yang CY, Chang CC, Tsai SS, Chiu HF. 2006. Calcium supplements and magnesium when you look at the drinking water and you can risk of dying away from serious myocardial infarction into the Taiwan. Environ Res 101(3):407-411.

Lina J. Leurs, (1) Leo J. Schouten, (1) Margreet N. Mons, (2) Roentgen. Alexandra Goldbohm, (3) and you will PietA. van den Brandt (1)

Wanting an effective structure having assessing exposure-disease relationship inside the a put together cohort

(1) Maastricht University, GROW-University to have Oncology and you may Developmental Biology, Institution from Epidemiology, Maastricht, holland; (2) KWR, Watercycle Look Institute, Nieuwegein, the netherlands; (3) TNO Lifestyle, Department of Reduction and you may Wellness, Leiden, the netherlands

Address telecommunications in order to L.J. Leurs, Maastricht University, GROW-College or university getting Oncology and you may Developmental Biology, Agency off Epidemiology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the netherlands. Telephone: 29 0 43 3882392. Fax: 29 0 43 3884128. E-mail:

We have been with debt to your participants associated with the research and require to thank the fresh new Dutch Main Bureau out-of Genealogy and Statistics Netherlands getting delivering study. I in addition to give thanks to A great. Volovics and Good. Kester for statistical pointers; S. van de- Crommert, H. Brants, J. Nelissen, C. de Zwart, Meters. Moll, W. van Dijk, and you may A good. Pisters to own guidelines; and H. van Montfort, T. van Moergasiel, L. van den Bosch, R. Schmeitz, and you can J. Berben having coding advice.

Which investment try held in Joint Browse System of your own Dutch water businesses by researchers out-of Maastricht School and you will KWR, Watercycle Research Institute. This research try financed by the KWR, Watercycle Look Institute.

R.A.G. and you can M.N.Meters. work with asking enterprises (TNO Quality of life and KWR, respectively); however, none possess previously performed one prior browse towards current point demonstrated regarding the manuscript. Furthermore, outside article on the proper execution and you will overall performance is actually presented by the a good Scientific Advisory Panel composed of P. Hunter (University away from East Anglia), Roentgen. Rylander (emeritus teacher), and Meters.We. Sinclair (Liquid Top quality Browse Australia Restricted, Monash College).

Most training one to said an enthusiastic inverse connection anywhere between drinking water firmness and you will IHD or coronary arrest mortality was basically ecologic degree (Kousa mais aussi al. 2004, 2006, 2008; Maheswaran mais aussi al. 1999; ; Sauvant and you will Pepin 2000). The latest reliability of them kind of knowledge can be asked since of one’s you’ll be able to ecologic fallacy. A small number of circumstances-handle and you can cohort knowledge with little to no if any improvement to own confounding circumstances as well as advised a potential defensive effectation of water hardness, calcium supplements otherwise magnesium density inside the water, to your death due to IHD otherwise heart attack (Luoma ainsi que al. 1983; Punsar and you may Karvonen 1979; Rubenowitz et al. 1996, 1999; Yang 1998; Yang et al. 2006). At the same time, really circumstances-handle and cohort knowledge you to adjusted having tens of thousands of prospective confounders, eg aerobic risk situations and you may liquid characteristics, receive no relationship ranging from liquids hardness and IHD or heart attack death (Comstock ainsi que al. 1980; Morris mais aussi al. 2001; Rosenlund et al. 2005). The brand new exclusion are the case-control study presented by Rubenowitz mais aussi al. (2000) you to definitely stated down mortality of acute myocardial infarction (yet not into the complete incidence) and you can magnesium inside h2o immediately after modifying for a broad range out-of possible confounders.

Mineral intake try adjusted for energy consumption by the residual approach (Willett and you can Stampfer 1986). The brand new survey data was in fact key-registered double and you will processed when you look at the a standard trend dazzled relating so you’re able to circumstances/subcohort status to minimize observer bias in the programming and you may study translation.

The analyzed exposure variables were total tap water hardness, tap water magnesium, and calcium concentration. In the multivariate analysis, we corrected for potential confounding of other known IHD risk factors: age at baseline (years), cigarette smoking (coded as current vs. never/former smoker and number of cigarettes smoked per day, and years of active smoking), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), body mass index (BMI) (coded as < 18.5 kg/[m.sup.2], 18.5-25 kg/[m.sup.2], 25-30 kg/[m.sup.2], [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/[m.sup.2]), nonoccupational physical activity (coded in tour categories: very little, average, active, or very active), educational level [coded as primary school, lower vocational, high school (junior and senior), and higher vocational/university], total energy intake (kilocalories per day), alcohol consumption (coded in five categories: 0 g/day, 0.1-5 g/day, 5-15 g/day, 15-30 g/day, 2 30 g/day). energy-adjusted saturated/monounsaturated/ polyunsaturated fat consumption (grams per day), and fruit and vegetable consumption (grams per day). We included additional factors that influence the amount of calcium or magnesium absorption from tap water: use of diuretics (yes/no), multivitamin intake (yes/no), calcium supplement intake (yes/no), energy-adjusted dietary calcium and magnesium consumption (milligrams per clay), and total volume of tap water consumption (milliliters per day) (Elin 1988; Greenland et al. 2003; Hornstra et al. 1998; Wilson 1999). When tap water calcium concentration (milligrams per liter) was analyzed, additional adjustment for tap water magnesium concentration (milligrams per liter) occurred and vice versa.

Gillies Myself, Paulin HV. 1983. Variability out-of nutrient consumption out of drinking water: a possible explanation towards the conflict along the relationships of drinking water high quality to help you heart problems. Int J Epidemiol 12(1):45-fifty.

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